Ajanta Clinic

VITAMIN B12 NOTE: Humans obtain vitamin B12 exclusively from animal dietary sources, such as meat, eggs, and milk. Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by the parietal cells in the gastric mucosa, for absorption. Most vitamin B12 is stored in the liver as well as in the bone marrow and other tissues. Vitamin B12 and folate are critical to normal DNA synthesis, which in turn affects erythrocyte maturation. Vitamin B12 is also necessary for myelin sheath formation and maintenance. The body uses its B12 stores very economically, reabsorbing vitamin B12 from the ileum and returning it to the liver so that very little is excreted.Clinical and laboratory findings for B12 deficiency include neurological abnormalities and decreased serum B12 levels. The impaired DNA synthesis associated with vitamin B12 deficiency causes macrocytic anemias. These anemias are characterized by abnormal maturation of erythrocyte precursors in the bone marrow, which results in the presence of megaloblasts and in decreased erythrocyte survival. Pernicious anemia is a macrocytic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency that is due to lack of intrinsic factor. Low vitamin B12 intake, gastrectomy, diseases of the small intestine, malabsorption, and trans-cobalamin deficiency can also cause vitamin B12 deficiency Method: Chemiluminescent Immuno assay (CLIA ).The test was done on fully automated Unicel Dxi 800 Immuno assay.
VITAMIN D3Note: Vitamin D is a fat soluble steroid prohormone mainly produced photochemically in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol. Two forms of Vitamin D are biologocally relevant - Vitamin D3(Cholecalciferol) and Vitamin D2(Ergocalciferol). Vitamin D is converted to the active homone 1,25-(OH)2- Vitamin D through two hydroxylation reactions. The major storage form of Vitamin D is 25-OH Vitamin D and is present in the blood at upto 1000 fold higher concentration compared to the active 1,25-(OH)2 - Vitamin D. It also has a half-life of 2-3 weeks. Therefore, 25-OH-Vitamin D is the analyte of choice for determination of the Vitamin D staus. Under the guidelines from Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) Protocol, the normal range for 25-OH-Vitamin D has been determined. Epidemiological studies have shown a high global prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency. Assay measuremenys can lead to better diagnosis & management of such patients. Vitamin D deficiency causes secondary hperparathyroidism and diseases related to impaired bone matabolism. Method: Chemiluminescent Immuno assay (CLIA ).The test was done on fully automated Unicel Dxi 800 Immuno assay.
T3 T4 TSH NOTE: T3 and T4 are secreted into the circulation in response to the pituitary hormone TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). Most of the T3 and T4 is metabolically inactive as it is present in the bound form (bound to TBG) and only a small fraction is the metabolically active 'free' form. Pregnancy,excess estrogens, androgens, anabolic steroids, and glucocorticoids are known to alter TBG levels and may cause false thyroid values for thyroid function tests. Altered T3 and T4 levels in these situations may not accurately reflect thyroid status. Primary malfunction of the thyroid gland may result in excessive (hyper) or below normal (hypo) release of T4 or T3. TSH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to a negative feedback mechanism involving concentrations of FT3 (free T3) and FT4 (free T4). Additionally thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), from hypothalamus, directly stimulates TSH production. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and secrete T3 and T4. The ability to quantitate circulating levels of TSH is especially useful in the differential diagnosis of primary (thyroid) from secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamus) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are significantly elevated, while in secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism., the TSH levels are low TSH assays with increased sensitivity and specificity provide a primary diagnostic tool to differentiate hyperthyroid from euthyroid patients. Method: Chemiluminescent Immuno assay (CLIA ).The test was done on fully automated Unicel Dxi 800 Immuno assay.
PSA NOTE: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is normally found in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells lining the acini and ducts of the prostate gland. PSA is detected in the serum of males with normal, benign hypertrophic, and malignant prostate tissue. PSA is not detected in the serum of males without prostate tissue (because of radical prostatectomy or cystoprostatectomy) or in the serum of most females. The fact that PSA is unique to prostate tissue makes it a suitable marker for monitoring men with cancer of the prostate. PSA is also useful for determining possible recurrence after therapy when used in conjunction with other diagnostic indices. Studies suggest that the measurement of PSA in conjunction with digital rectal examination (DRE) and ultrasound provide a better method of detecting prostate cancer than DRE alone.PSA levels increase in men with cancer of the prostate, and after radical prostatectomy PSA levels routinely fall to the undetectable range. If prostatic tissue remains after surgery or metastasis has occurred, PSA appears to be useful in detecting residual and early recurrence of tumor. Therefore, serial PSA levels can help determine the success of prostatectomy, and the need for further treatment, such as radiation, endocrine or chemotherapy, and in the monitoring of the effectiveness of therapy. PSA should never be measured immediately after DRE or after trans-rectal USG of the prostate as the PSA level can be raised. PSA can also be raised in BPH or in severe prostatitis. Method: Chemiluminescent Immuno assay (CLIA ).The test was done on fully automated Unicel Dxi 800 Immuno assay.
PROLACTIN NOTE: Prolactin is a single-chain polypeptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary under the control of prolactin-inhibiting factors and prolactin-releasing factors. These inhibiting and releasing factors are secreted by the hypothalamus. Prolactin is also synthesized by the placenta and is present in amniotic fluid. Prolactin initiates and maintains lactation in females. It also plays a role in regulating gonadal function in both males and females. In adults, basal circulating prolactin is present in concentrations up to 30 ng/mL . During pregnancy and postpartum lactation, serum prolactin can increase 10 to 20 fold. Exercise, stress, and sleep also cause transient increases in prolactin levels. Consistently elevated serum prolactin levels greater than 30 ng/mL in the absence of pregnancy and postpartum lactation are indicative of hyperprolactinemia, which is the most common hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction encountered in clinical endocrinology. Hyperprolactinemia often results in galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and infertility in females, and in impotence and hypogonadism in males. Renal failure, hypothyroidism, and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas are also common causes of abnormally elevated prolactin levels. Method: Chemiluminescent Immuno assay (CLIA ).The test was done on fully automated Unicel Dxi 800 Immuno assay.
CA-125 NOTE: CA-125 is clinically approved for following the response to treatment and predicting prognosis after treatment. It is especially useful for detecting the recurrence of ovarian cancer. Its potential role for the early detection of ovarian cancer is controversial and has not yet been adopted for widespread screening efforts in asymptomatic women. The key problems in using the CA-125 test as a screening tool are its lack of sensitivity and its inability to detect early stage cancers. In addition, even if cancer was confirmed in such circumstances, it usually would be at an advanced stage where therapy is less effective. It is best known as a marker for ovarian cancer, but it may also be elevated in other malignant cancers, including those originating in the endometrium, fallopian tubes, lungs, breast and gastrointestinal tract. Elevated levels of CA 125 can also be found in certain non-malignant conditions like liver cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, menstruation and first trimester pregnancy.It also tends to be elevated in the presence of any inflammatory condition in the abdominal area, both cancerous and benign.Thus, CA-125 is not perfectly specific for cancer nor is it perfectly sensitive since not every patient with cancer will have elevated levels of CA-125 in the blood. For example, 79% of all ovarian cancers are positive for CA-125, whereas the remainder do not express this antigen at all. While this test is not generally regarded as useful for large scale screening by the medical community, a high value may be an indication that the woman should receive further diagnostic screening or treatment. Normal values range from 0 to 35 (?g/mL). Elevated levels in post-menopausal women are usually an indication that further screening is necessary. In pre-menopausal women, the test is less reliable as values are often elevated due to a number of non-cancerous causes, and a value above 35 is not necessarily a cause for concern. Method: CLIA - Done on fully automated Dimension EXL 200 System,SIEMENS.
FSH NOTE: FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by the hypothalamus. In both males and females, FSH secretion is regulated by a balance of positive and negative feedback mechanisms involving the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the reproductive organs, and the pituitary and sex steroid hormones. FSH and LH play a critical role in maintaining the normal function of the male and female reproductive systems. Abnormal FSH levels with corresponding increased or decreased levels of LH, estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone are associated with a number of pathological conditions. Increased FSH levels are associated with menopause and primary ovarian hypofunction in females and primary hypogonadism in males. Decreased FSH levels are associated with primary ovarian hyperfunction in females and primary hypergonadism in males. Normal or decreased FSH levels are associated with polycystic ovary disease in females. Method: Chemiluminescent Immuno assay (CLIA ).The test was done on fully automated Unicel Dxi 800 Immuno assay.
HBA1C Method: HPLC.Automated BIORAD System. Sample: Whole Blood (EDTA) NOTE: Glucose combines with Haemoglobin continuously and nearly irreversibly during life span of RBC (120 days); thus Glycated Hb is proportional to mean plasma glucose level during the previous 6-12 wks. Glycosylated Hb (HbA1c) testing provides an index of average blood glucose levels over the prior two to three months. The American Diabetes Association recommends screening of HbA1c levels every 3-6 months to monitor glycemic control & thus improved glycemic control is associated with preventing & delaying the progression of complications in diabetes. The DCCT demonstrated that lowering glucose level in patients with Type 1 diabetes (i.e. deficiency in insulin production) slows or prevents the development of retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Prior to testing no dietary preparation or fasting is required. The standard of care is to use periodic HbA1c levels to monitor glycemic control. Good glycemic control over the years can delay the complications associated with diabetes.
ANTI � CCP NOTE:This test is a fully automated CLIA assay for the detection of IgG antibodies to specific synthetic Cirrullinated peptides of human immunoglobulin g (IgG).This test is useful in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.Please note that this test along with clinical findings and other tests is to be used for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.
DHEA-S Note: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is the major C19 steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex. It is a precursor in Testosterone and Estrogen bio-synthesis. The physiological role of DHEA-S is not well defined. Serum levels are relatively high in the fetus and neonates, low during childhood and increase during puberty. Increased levels of DHEA-S during puberty may contribute to development of secondary sexual hair. The levels show a decline after the third decade. DHEA-S levels do not show significant diurnal variation, show little day-to-day variation, are not affected by acute corticotropin administration and do not vary during normal menses. Measurement of DHEA-S is a useful marker of adrenal androgen synthesis. Elevated levels occur in virilising adrenal adenomas and carcinomas, and in some cases of female hirsutism. Method: CLIA - Abbott Architect i1000 SR
ESTRADIOL NOTE: Measuring the circulating levels of estradiol is important for assessing ovarian function and monitoring follicular development for assisted reproduction protocols. In normal, nonpregnant females, estradiol is secreted mainly by the combined function of the theca and granulosa cells of the developing follicle and the corpus luteum. During pregnancy, the placenta is a source of estradiol secretion. The primary function of estradiol is to stimulate growth of the female sex organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics. Elevated estradiol levels in females may also result from primary or secondary ovarian hyperfunction. Very high estradiol levels are found during the induction of ovulation for assisted reproduction therapy or in pregnancy. Decreased estradiol levels in females may result from either the lack of ovarian synthesis (primary ovarian hypofunction and menopause) or a lesion in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis (secondary ovarian hypofunction). Estradiol levels are normally low in males. Elevated estradiol levels in males may be due to increased aromatization of androgens, resulting in gynecomastia. Method: CLIA - Done on fully automated Dimension EXL 200 System,SIEMENS.
FREE T3 T4 TSH NOTE: T3 and T4 are secreted into the circulation in response to the pituitary hormone TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). Most of the T3 and T4 is metabolically inactive as it is present in the bound form (bound to TBG) and only a small fraction is the metabolically active 'free' form. Pregnancy,excess estrogens, androgens, anabolic steroids, and glucocorticoids are known to alter TBG levels and may cause false thyroid values for thyroid function tests. Altered T4 levels in these situations may not accurately reflect thyroid status. Primary malfunction of the thyroid gland may result in excessive (hyper) or below normal (hypo) release of T4 or T3. TSH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to a negative feedback mechanism involving concentrations of FT3 (free T3) and FT4 (free T4). Additionally thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), from hypothalamus, directly stimulates TSH production. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and secrete T3 and T4. The ability to quantitate circulating levels of TSH is especially useful in the differential diagnosis of primary (thyroid) from secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamus) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are significantly elevated, while in secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism., the TSH levels are low TSH assays with increased sensitivity and specificity provide a primary diagnostic tool to differentiate hyperthyroid from euthyroid patients. Method: Chemiluminescent Immuno assay (CLIA ).The test was done on fully automated Unicel Dxi 800 Immuno assay.
IGE Method: CLIA using Centaur Advia CP; Siemens USA Ig E (reagenic antibody) mediates allergic and hypersensitivity reactions. Use : For allergy testing Indicates various parasitic diseases Diagnosis of E-myeloma Increased in Atopic diseases and is influenced by type of allergen, duration of stimulation, presence of symptoms, hyposensitization treatment. Parasitic infections (e.g. ascariasis, visceral larva migrans, hookworm disease, schistosomiasis, ecchinococcus infection) Decreased in Hereditary deficiencies, Acquired immunodeficiency, Ataxia telengiectasia, Non-IgE myeloma Limitations of use : Diagnosis should not be made solely on the findings of one clinical assay. Method: CLIA - Done on fully automated Dimension EXL 200 System,SIEMENS.
Progesterone NOTE:Progesterone, in conjunction with estrogens, regulates reproductive tract functions during the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is critical in preparing the endometrium for blastocyst implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy. The major sources of progesterone are the corpus luteum and the placenta in women. Minor sources of progesterone are the adrenal cortex in men and women, and the testes in men. During pregnancy, progesterone levels rise steadily to their highest levels in the third trimester. Clinical evaluation of progesterone confirms ovulation and normal luteal function in nonpregnant women. Inadequate progesterone production by the corpus luteum may indicate luteal phase deficiency (LPD), which is associated with infertility and early miscarriage. Women using oral contraceptives have suppressed progesterone levels. Method: CLIA - Abbot Architect i1000 SR